what you have learned in Chemistry in the first quarter:

 

In this first quarter of Chemistry, I have learned a lot of throughout chapter 1 to chapter 4. In chapter one, it’s about Matter and Change. In this chapter, there are 5 sections, which are Chemistry is a Physical Science, Matters and its properties, and Elements. Throughout the first lesson: Chemistry is a Physical Science, there are a few main ideas including about the six branches of chemistry. The six branches of chemistry are Organic chemistry, Inorganic chemistry,  Physical chemistry, Analytical chemistry, biochemistry, and Theoretical chemistry. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds. Inorganic chemistry is the study of non-organic substances. Physical chemistry is the study of properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy. Analytical chemistry is the identification of the components and composition of materials. Biochemistry is the study of substances and processes occurring in living things. Theoretical chemistry is the use of mathematics and computers to understand the principles behind observed behavior and to design and predict the properties of new compound. Another main idea in this section is that chemistry is the study of matter and its processes.

 

The section 2: Matter and its Properties is mainly about matter. Specifically into the main ideas is that  atoms are the building blocks of matter. All substances have characteristic properties, and matter can be pure substance or a mixture. Throughout the section, the important terms are physical change and chemical change. Physical change is a change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance. On the other hand, chemical change is a change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances. Another important part of this section is change of state. It is about a change of a substance from one to another state to another. The substances can change from liquid to gas or solid. Solid has definite volume and shape. But liquid doesn’t have a shape but has volume. Gas doesn’t have neither volume nor shape. Throughout the chapter, I have learned about scientific notation and  significant figures to find  accurately report the precision of a measurement.

 

In Chapter 2, I’ve studied about measurements and calculations. There are equation to memorize such as Density. It is the ratio of mass to volume. Also, there’s about scientific Method, which means a logical approach to solving problems that lend themselves to investigation. Unit of Measurement is part of the chapter where it will show us the derived units, SI system, and conversion factors. The SI system of measurement has seven base units:kelvin, mole,, ampere, and candela. Derived units include the the square meter and the cubic meter.Throughout the chapter, I have learned about scientific notation and  significant figures to find  accurately report the precision of a measurement.

 

We studied about the structure of an atom and how to count atoms. There are 3 laws of atom. Law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed during ordinary chemical reactions or physical changes. Law of definite proportions is a chemical compound that contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by mass of the size of the sample or source of the compound. The last law is law of multiple proportion, it is if two or more different compounds are composed of the same two elements, the the ratio of the masses of the second element combined with a certain mass of the first element is always a ratio of small whole number.  Atomic mass is a relative measure. Average atomic mass is a weighted value. All atoms of n element must have the same number of protons, but not neutron. We also studied about the periodic table.

 

In chapter 4, it is about the development of a new atomic model, the quantum model of the atom, and electron configurations. In chemistry, there’s a electromagnetic radiation equation which is c=/) v. c is the speed, /) is the wavelength, showing the distance between waves. v represents the frequency,defined as the number of waves. Another equation in this chapter is quantum of energy: E=hv. E is for energy in joules. H is for Planck’s constant. And v is frequency. Einstein extended Planck’s theory by introducing the radical idea that electromagnetic has a dual wave particle nature. When an electron moves from one state level to a main energy level of lower energy, a photon is emitted. But if the electron move to a higher energy level, it absorb photons to itself. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that it is impossible to determine the position and velocity of an electron. There are two scientists that believe in different ways. Bohr thinks that the atom has a orbit. Orbit is a round shell. While Schrodinger’s idea is that atom represents a orbitals. It’s a three dimensional region around the nucleus. The four quantum numbers that describe the properties of electrons in atomic orbitals are the principal quantum number, the angular momentum quantum number, the magnetic quantum number, and the spin quantum number. I’ve learned how to figure out the electron configurations by using the periodic table and the electron levels: S,D,P.